China
People's Republic of China
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Anthem:
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Area controlled by the People's Republic of China shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.
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| Capital | Beijing[a] 39°55′N 116°23′E |
| Largest city | Shanghai[1] |
| Official languages | Standard Chinese[2][b] |
| Official script | Simplified Chinese[c] |
| Recognised regional languages[3] | |
| Ethnic groups | |
| Religion | See Religion in China |
| Demonym | Chinese |
| Government | Unitary one-partysocialist republic[5] |
| Xi Jinping[e] | |
• Premier
| Li Keqiang |
| Li Zhanshu | |
| Wang Yang | |
• First Secretary of the Party Secretariat
| Wang Huning |
| Zhao Leji | |
• First Vice Premier
| Han Zheng |
| Wang Qishan[f] | |
| Legislature | National People's Congress |
| Formation | |
| 221 bce | |
| 1 January 1912 | |
| 21 September 1949[7][8][9] | |
| 1 October 1949 | |
| 4 December 1982 | |
| 20 December 1999 | |
| Area | |
• Total
| 9,596,961 km2(3,705,407 sq mi)[g](3rd/4th) |
• Water (%)
| 2.8%[h] |
| Population | |
• 2016 estimate
| 1,403,500,365  [13](1st) |
• 2010 census
| 1,339,724,852[14](1st) |
• Density
| 145[15]/km2(375.5/sq mi) (83rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2018 estimate |
• Total
| $25.23 trillion[16] (1st) |
• Per capita
| $18,066[16] (79th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2018 estimate |
• Total
| $14.09 trillion[16](2nd) |
• Per capita
| $10,087[16] (71st) |
| Gini (2015) | 46.2[17] high |
| HDI (2016) | 0.738[18] high · 90th |
| Currency | Renminbi (yuan; ¥)[i](CNY) |
| Time zone | China Standard Time(UTC+8) |
| Date format | |
| Drives on the | right[j] |
| Calling code | +86 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN |
| Internet TLD | |
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China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.404 billion.[13] Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third- or fourth-largest country by total area,[k][19] depending on the source consulted. China also has the most neighbor countries in the world. Governed by the Communist Party of China, it exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
China emerged as one of the world's earliest civilizations, in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, China's political system was based on hereditary monarchies, or dynasties, beginning with the semi-legendary Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE.[20] Since then, China has expanded, fractured, and re-unifiednumerous times. In the 3rd century BCE, the Qin unified core China and established the first Chinese dynasty. The succeeding Han dynasty, which ruled from 206 BC until 220 AD, saw some of the most advanced technology at that time, including papermaking and the compass,[21] along with agricultural and medical improvements. The invention of gunpowder and printing in the Tang dynasty (618 - 907) completed the Four Great Inventions. Tang culture spread widely in Asia, as the new maritime Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and Somalia.[22] Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution, as a republic replaced the Qing dynasty. The Chinese Civil War led to the break up of the country in 1949, with the victorious Communist Party of China founding the People’s Republic of China on the mainland while the losing Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan, a dispute which is still unresolved.
Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China's economy has been one of the world's fastest-growing with annual growth rates consistently above 6 percent.[23] As of 2016, it is the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[24] China is also the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods.[25] China is a recognized nuclear weapons state and has the world's largest standing army and second-largest defense budget.[26][27][28] The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the UN Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the ASEAN Plus mechanism, WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the BCIM and the G20. China is a great power and a major regional power within Asia, and has been characterized as a potential superpower.[29][30]
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